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TCP/IP协议栈深度解析技术文章大纲

协议栈概述

TCP/IP协议栈的历史背景与发展历程
四层模型（应用层、传输层、网络层、链路层）与OSI七层模型的对比
协议栈的核心设计思想与特点

链路层详解

以太网帧结构（前导码、MAC地址、类型字段等）
ARP协议工作原理与地址解析过程
常见链路层技术（PPP、Wi-Fi、VLAN等）对比

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网络层核心协议

IPv4报文格式与关键字段解析（TTL、校验和、分片等）
IPv6改进特性与报文结构
ICMP协议功能（Ping/Traceroute实现原理）
路由协议分类（RIP/OSPF/BGP应用场景）

传输层机制剖析

TCP三次握手与四次挥手状态转换
滑动窗口、流量控制与拥塞控制算法（Reno/CUBIC）
UDP协议特点及适用场景（DNS/视频流等）
端口号分配机制与Socket实现原理

应用层协议族

HTTP/HTTPS协议演进与报文分析
DNS分层查询与资源记录类型
SMTP/POP3邮件协议工作流程
FTP主动/被动模式区别

协议栈安全机制

IPSec VPN实现原理（AH/ESP协议）
TLS握手过程与密钥协商
常见攻击防范（SYN Flood、IP欺骗等）

性能优化实践

TCP调优参数（窗口缩放、快速重传等）
QoS策略与DiffServ架构
协议栈内核实现原理（Linux内核网络栈示例）

新兴技术演进

QUIC协议对TCP的改进
5G网络中的协议栈变化
物联网场景下的轻量级协议（CoAP/MQTT）

调试与故障排查

Wireshark抓包分析技巧
常见网络问题诊断方法（MTU问题、路由环路等）
Linux网络工具链使用（netstat/tcpdump等）

注：实际撰写时可结合RFC文档、内核源码和抓包案例展开技术细节，建议每部分配备拓扑图或报文结构示意图增强可读性。